ABSTRACT
This Encyclopedia brings together the most recent scientific information on a collection of subjects that are too often - and inconveniently - treated in separate publications. It provides a survey of archaeological method and theory, as well as the application of physical and biological sciences in archaeological research. Every aspect of archaeological work is represented, from the discovery process to the ultimate disposition of materials. Thus the reader will find entries on subject matter covering: * disciplinary theory * legislation affecting the work of archaeologists * pre-excavation surveying * excavation methodology * on-site conservation techniques * post-excavation analysis The rapid evolution of analytical technology is often superficially treated or not covered at all in textbooks or other commonly available sources. Here, the latest refinements in techniques such as radiometric dating, stable isotopic analysis, and the PCR technique of DNA analysis are presented clearly and authoritatively. The discussion of these techniques is amplified by including results of the work of professionals conducting interdisciplinary research and by covering the methodologi enhancements provided by the physical and natural sciences. Cultural property legislation, regardless of its country of origin, has affected how archaeologists conduct their work. This encyclopedia covers all major U.S. legislation developed for the protection of cultural property, including the recent Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, and offers a substantial article on worldwide legislation concerning the reburial of human remains and its effects on the present and future practice of archaeology. Without some sort of conservation program at the point of excavation, valuable materials may be inadvertently contaminated or destroyed. Many simple and low-cost techniques to promote both sample integrity and long-term preservation for major classes of materials are described in this volume. Traditional treatments of method and theory usually focus on prehistoric periods and are limited in their geographic range. This volume includes discussions based on various historical periods on different continents, as reflected in entries such as Historical Archaeology, Industrial Archaeology, Medieval Archaeology, and Classical Archaeology.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
letter |65 pages
A
entry |2 pages
Abandoned Shipwreck Act (ASA)
entry |1 pages
Adams, Robert McCormick (1926-)
entry |7 pages
Aerial Photography for Archaeology
entry |1 pages
Aitken, Martin J. (1922-)
entry |2 pages
Amber, Characterization
entry |4 pages
Amino Acid Racemization/Epimerization Dating
entry |4 pages
Animal Remains, Identification and Analysis: Fish
entry |5 pages
Animal Remains, Identification and Analysis: Insects
entry |3 pages
Animal Remains, Identification and Analysis: Mammals
entry |2 pages
Animal Remains, Identification and Analysis: Molluscs
entry |2 pages
Animal Remains, Quantification
entry |2 pages
Antiquities Act of 1906
entry |4 pages
Archaeological Prospection
entry |5 pages
Archaeological Sites, Formation Processes
entry |3 pages
Archaeomagnetic Dating
entry |5 pages
Archaeometry
entry |8 pages
Archaeoparasitology
entry |2 pages
Archeological and Historic Preservation Act (AHPA)
entry |2 pages
Archeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA)
entry |1 pages
Atomic Absorption (AA) Spectrometry
letter |21 pages
B
entry |1 pages
Bada, Jeffrey L. (1942–)
entry |1 pages
Baillie, Michael G.L. (1944–)
entry |1 pages
Base Line
entry |1 pages
Bass, George Fletcher (1932–)
entry |4 pages
Behavioral Archaeology
entry |1 pages
Binford, Lewis R. (1930–)
entry |5 pages
Bone, Characterization
entry |3 pages
Bone and Other Organic Materials: Ancient DNA
entry |3 pages
Bone, Trace-Element Analysis
entry |1 pages
Bordes, François (1919–1981)
entry |1 pages
Breuil, Henri (1877–1961)
entry |1 pages
Butzer, Karl W. (1934–)
letter |54 pages
C
entry |1 pages
Caton-Thompson, Gertrude (1889–1985)
entry |5 pages
Caves and Rockshelters, Excavation
entry |4 pages
Ceramics, On-Site Conservation
entry |1 pages
Childe, Vere Gordon (1892–1957)
entry |1 pages
Clark, John Desmond (1916–)
entry |1 pages
Clark, John Grahame Douglas (1907–1995)
entry |1 pages
Clarke, David L. (1937–1976)
entry |4 pages
Classical Archaeology
entry |5 pages
Clays and Ceramics, Characterization
entry |3 pages
Computer Databanks in Archaeology
entry |3 pages
Computer Simulation
entry |4 pages
Computers in Archaeology
entry |1 pages
Conkey, Margaret Wright (1944–)
entry |4 pages
Conservation of Archaeological Materials
entry |8 pages
Coprolite Analysis
entry |5 pages
Cora and Periphery Systems
entry |5 pages
Crawford, Osbert G.S. (1886–1957)
letter |18 pages
D
entry |7 pages
Dating, Method and Theory
entry |1 pages
Summary
entry |4 pages
Deetz, James J. Fanto (1930-)
entry |1 pages
Paleoenvironmental Information
entry |1 pages
Dunnell, Robert C. (1942-)
entry |4 pages
Dyes, Characterization
letter |44 pages
E
entry |5 pages
Ecological Theory in Archaeology
entry |5 pages
Electrical and Electromagnetic Prospecting
entry |4 pages
Electron Probe Microanalysis
entry |4 pages
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating
entry |3 pages
Electrophoresis
entry |6 pages
Ethnoarchaeology
entry |1 pages
Evans, Sir John (1823–1908)
entry |2 pages
Evolution, Cultural
entry |3 pages
Evolution, Scientific
entry |6 pages
Exchange Systems, Theory
entry |5 pages
Experimental Archaeology
letter |27 pages
F
entry |2 pages
Fagan, Brian Murray (1936-)
entry |1 pages
Faience, Characterization
entry |4 pages
Fibrous Materials, Archaeological: On-Site Conservation
entry |2 pages
Fission-Track Dating
entry |1 pages
Flannery, Kent Vaughn (1934-)
entry |2 pages
Flotation
entry |8 pages
Fluorine-Uranium-Nitrogen Dating
entry |1 pages
Ford, James Alfred (1911–1968)
entry |4 pages
Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) Microscopy
letter |44 pages
G
entry |1 pages
Garrod, Dorothy Annie Elizabeth (1892–1968)
entry |4 pages
Gender Archaeology
entry |7 pages
Geoarchaeology
entry |7 pages
Geographic Information Systems
entry |7 pages
Georadar
entry |5 pages
Glass, Characterization
entry |3 pages
Glass, On-Site Conservation
entry |1 pages
Gould, Richard Allan (1939-)
entry |2 pages
Grain Size Analysis
entry |1 pages
Grid Excavation
entry |3 pages
Growth-Ring Analysis and Seasonality Studies
entry |1 pages
Growth Studies: Fish Otoliths
entry |3 pages
Growth Studies: Mammal Teeth
letter |11 pages
H
entry |2 pages
Half-Sectioning
entry |1 pages
Harris Matrix
entry |1 pages
Hassan, Fekri A. (1943–)
entry |4 pages
Historical Archaeology
entry |1 pages
Hodder, Ian (1949–)
entry |1 pages
Holmes, William Henry (1846–1933)
entry |1 pages
Howell, Francis Clark (1925–)
letter |31 pages
I
entry |6 pages
Illustration, Archaeological
entry |3 pages
In Situ Conservation
entry |4 pages
Inductively Coupled Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
entry |4 pages
Industrial Archaeology
entry |2 pages
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
entry |4 pages
Isotopes, Stable (C, N, O, H): Bone and Paleodiet Studies
entry |8 pages
Isotopes, Stable (Pb, Sr): Raw Materials and Provenance Studies
letter |3 pages
K
entry |2 pages
Kenyon, Dame Kathleen Mary (1906–1978)
entry |1 pages
Klein, Richard G. (1941–)
entry |1 pages
Klejn, Leo S. (1927–)
letter |10 pages
L
entry |5 pages
Leather, On-Site Conservation
entry |1 pages
Leone, Mark Paul (1940–)
entry |1 pages
Lerici, Carlo M. (1890–1978)
entry |1 pages
Leroi-Gourhan, Andre (1911–1986)
entry |1 pages
Leveling
entry |1 pages
Libby, Willard Frank (1908–1980)
entry |1 pages
Longacre, William A. (1937–)
entry |1 pages
Luminescence Dating
letter |49 pages
M
entry |5 pages
Magnetic Prospecting
entry |5 pages
Marble, Characterization
entry |5 pages
Marxist Archaeology
entry |1 pages
McKern, William Carleton (1892–1988)
entry |3 pages
Medieval Archaeology
entry |11 pages
Metallography
entry |3 pages
Metals, Characterization
entry |3 pages
Metals, On-Site Conservation
entry |1 pages
Metrical Stratigraphy
entry |1 pages
Midwestern Taxonomic System
entry |5 pages
Mortuary Sites, Excavation and Analysis
entry |2 pages
Mosaics, On-Site Conservation
entry |4 pages
Mössbauer Spectroscopy
letter |23 pages
N
entry |3 pages
National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)
entry |2 pages
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
entry |1 pages
Natural Stratigraphy
entry |5 pages
Nautical Archaeology
entry |5 pages
New/Processual Archaeology
entry |2 pages
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
entry |6 pages
Nuclear Methods of Analysis
letter |8 pages
O
entry |5 pages
Obsidian Hydration Dating
entry |1 pages
Offsetting
entry |1 pages
Open-Area Excavation
entry |2 pages
Optical Dating
letter |83 pages
P
entry |4 pages
Packaging of Archaeological Objects
entry |3 pages
Paleodemography
entry |9 pages
Paleoethnobotany
entry |3 pages
Paleoimmunology
entry |4 pages
Paleonutrition
entry |4 pages
Paleopathology, Human
entry |5 pages
Paleopharmacology
entry |2 pages
Paleoserology
entry |7 pages
Palynology
entry |1 pages
Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders (1853–1942)
entry |4 pages
Petrography
entry |7 pages
Photogrammetry
entry |16 pages
Photography, Archaeological
entry |7 pages
Phytolith Analysis
entry |1 pages
Pitt-Rivers, General Augustus Henry (1827–1900)
entry |1 pages
Plog, Fred T. (1944–1992)
entry |5 pages
Postprocessual Archaeology
letter |3 pages
Q
entry |2 pages
Quantitative Methods in Archaeology
entry |1 pages
Quartering
letter |29 pages
R
entry |5 pages
Radiocarbon Dating
entry |2 pages
Radiography in Archaeology
entry |1 pages
Rathje, William Laurens (1945-)
entry |6 pages
Reburial, International Perspectives
entry |1 pages
Redman, Charles L. (1945-)
entry |2 pages
Remotely Operated Vehicles
entry |1 pages
Renfrew, Andrew Colin (1937-)
entry |1 pages
Reverse Stratigraphy
entry |4 pages
Rock-Art Dating
entry |2 pages
Rock-Art Sites, Recording and Analysis
entry |4 pages
Rocks and Minerals, Characterization
entry |1 pages
Rouse, Irving Benjamin (1913-)
letter |83 pages
S
entry |5 pages
Salvage/Rescue Archaeology
entry |3 pages
Sampling
entry |1 pages
Schiffer, Michael Brian (1947-)
entry |1 pages
Scollar, Irwin (1928-)
entry |3 pages
Seismic Refraction Surveying
entry |1 pages
Semenov, Sergei Aristarkhovich (1898–1978)
entry |3 pages
Seriation
entry |5 pages
Settlement Archaeology, Theory
entry |7 pages
Settlements, Excavation
entry |3 pages
Shell Middens, Excavation
entry |2 pages
Shepard, Anna Osier (1903–1973)
entry |1 pages
Sieving
entry |2 pages
Site Mapping
entry |7 pages
Social Archaeology
entry |5 pages
Soil and Sediment Analysis
entry |2 pages
Sonar
entry |4 pages
Spatial Analysis
entry |1 pages
Spaulding, Albert Clanton (1914–1990)
entry |1 pages
St. Joseph, J. Kenneth S. (1912–1993)
entry |4 pages
Statistical Methods in Archaeology
entry |1 pages
Step Trenching
entry |3 pages
Stone, On-Site Conservation
entry |1 pages
Stratification
entry |1 pages
Stratigraphy
entry |1 pages
Stripping
entry |1 pages
Struever, Stuart McKee (1931–)
entry |1 pages
Suess, Hans Eduard (1909–1993)
entry |5 pages
Survey Design, Theory
entry |5 pages
Surveying and Site Examination, Manual Methods
entry |2 pages
Surveys, Multistage and Large-Scale
entry |5 pages
Symbolic Archaeology
letter |22 pages
T
entry |6 pages
Taphonomy
entry |2 pages
Tephrochronology
entry |1 pages
Theodolite
entry |4 pages
Thermal Prospecting
entry |4 pages
Thermoluminescence Dating
entry |1 pages
Thomas, David Hurst (1945-)
entry |1 pages
Thomsen, Christian Jürgensen (1788–1865)
entry |1 pages
Trench Excavation
entry |1 pages
Triangulation
entry |1 pages
Trigger, Bruce Graham (1937-)
entry |1 pages
Tylecote, Ronald Frank (1916–1990)
entry |2 pages
Type-Variety System
letter |15 pages
U
entry |5 pages
Underwater Archaeology
entry |1 pages
Unit-Level Method
entry |6 pages
Uranium-Series Dating
entry |4 pages
Use-Wear Analysis
letter |2 pages
V
entry |2 pages
Varve Analysis
letter |12 pages
W
entry |4 pages
Wall Paintings, Conservation
entry |1 pages
Watson, Patty Jo (1932–)
entry |1 pages
Wheeler, Sir Robert Eric Mortimer (1890–1976)
entry |1 pages
Willey, Gordon Randolph (1913-)
entry |2 pages
Wood (Waterlogged), Conservation
entry |3 pages
WPA Archaeology
letter |4 pages
X
entry |2 pages
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
entry |2 pages
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis
letter |8 pages
Z
entry |1 pages
Zeuner, Frederick Everard (1905–1963)
entry |7 pages
Zooarchaeology
