ABSTRACT
This chapter aims to familiarize the students and technicians with some techniques of the laboratory. The key points discussed are the details of the techniques utilized during the semester. The protoplasm of a plant cell contains various cell organelles dispersed in water present in the cytoplasm, and therefore, all the materials of cells are transported with water. Besides, almost all biological reactions occur in aqueous solutions. Series of dilutions are used to obtain one series of solutions in which the concentrations of solute change by some constant of proportion or ratio. The volumetric pipettes are used to contain a large volume of solution. While drawing out a solution by using a pipette, the solution in the pipette is maintained vertically and the liquid is extracted by suction. To familiarize the students with the analytical process involved in the preparation of solutions, mathematical calculations and the correct use of materials such as pipettes in different preparations.
