ABSTRACT
In the past few years, numerous solar cells have been recognized to convert sunlight into electricity. Some examples are amorphous Si-based solar cells, and crystalline and polycrystalline cells, which are broadly used in different applications. Further, multijunction solar cells have been investigated to predict a high efficiency of nearly 46%. However, the applications of these are limited due to various traits. The maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) for these cells, using ruthenium complex dyes (N719), was 11–12%. But the main challenge that DSSCs faces is long-term stability, due to the characteristics of the dyes used in them. Some of the features were dye desorption and degradation, which affect the stability of the cell. Ruthenium and osmium complexes are found to be the most effective dyes. But since these mentioned dyes are difficult to synthesize due to their toxic nature and high cost of sensitizing, the use of natural dyes is gaining prominence.
