ABSTRACT
More recently, the pulse duration has been shortened into the nanosecond range. e e ects of such short pulses have been shown to reach into the cell interior (Schoenbach et al., 2001). Pulse durations are as brief as several nanoseconds, with pulse amplitudes as high as 300kV/cm for short pulses. A new eld of research opens when the pulse duration is decreased even further into the sub-nanosecond range. By applying such ultrashort pulses, it will also become possible to use wideband antennas, rather than direct contact electrodes, to deliver the pulses to tissues.
