ABSTRACT
Contents 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 12.2 Indoor Environment and Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
12.2.1 Indoor Propagation Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 12.2.2 Repeater Donor Link Propagation Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 12.2.3 UMTS System Performance in an Indoor Environment. . 382 12.2.4 Indoor Propagation Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
12.3 Strategies and Configurations for Providing Indoor Coverage . . . 384 12.3.1 Single-Cell Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 12.3.2 Multi-Cell Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 12.3.3 Picocells and Femtocells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 12.3.4 Distributed Antenna System (DAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 12.3.5 Outdoor-to-Indoor Repeater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
12.4 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 12.4.1 Antennas and Antenna Line Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
12.4.1.1 Antenna Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 12.4.1.2 Splitters and Tappers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 12.4.1.3 Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
12.4.2 Base Station Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 12.4.3 WCDMA Repeaters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
12.4.3.1 Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 12.4.3.2 Antenna Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 12.4.3.3 Automatic Gain Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 12.4.3.4 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 12.4.3.5 Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
12.5 HSDPA Indoor Network Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 12.5.1 Planning of Dedicated UMTS Indoor System with DAS . 392
12.5.1.1 Indoor Propagation Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 12.5.2 Planning of Outdoor-to-Indoor Repeater System . . . . . . . . 394 12.5.3 Handover Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 12.5.4 HSDPA Indoor Link Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
12.5.4.1 General Parameters and Service Profile . . . . . . . . 397 12.5.4.2 Receiving and Transmitting Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 12.5.4.3 Repeater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 12.5.4.4 Maximum Path Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
12.5.5 HSDPA Coverage and Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 12.5.6 Quality of Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
12.1 Introduction This chapter introduces principles of indoor coverage and capacity planning, concentrating on requirements created by High-Speed Downlink Access (HSDPA) service. The basic principles and elements for planning Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) indoor network using wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) are presented, and two different basic configurations to provide HSDPA service inside buildings are further investigated. In a dedicated indoor system, the service is provided by a dedicated indoor base station that is connected to an antenna system inside the building. The other approach uses a WCDMA repeater that amplifies the received signal from the outdoor UMTS network to the indoor antenna system. The superiority of dedicated indoor systems, as well as outdoor-to-indoor repeaters compared to a traditional macrocellular approach is clearly shown in the literature (e.g., [9,10]). The Release 99 (R99) specification defines the basis of the UMTS system, and the Release 5 (R5) introduces the HSDPA bringing improvements mostly to the physical layer and radio resource control [3,7]. The fundamentals of HSDPA are not discussed here but can be studied in the literature (e.g., [4,7]). This chapter introduces the basics of WCDMA indoor planning, emphasizing the requirements that HSDPA has brought out.
