ABSTRACT
Many approaches to environmental protection continue to be based on “endof-pipe” solutions that focus on a single medium (e.g., air, water, or soil), a single stage in the product’s life cycle (e.g., production, use, or disposal), or a single issue (e.g., individual chemical limits). Such strategies do not always lead to a net environmental bene•t. Environmental laws and regulations that have a single focus often force the use of pollution control resources in ways that are not optimal for reducing overall impacts.
