Seismic behavior of setback and pyramid-shaped steel moment-resisting frames designed by an energy-based method

The procedure developed by Leelataviwat and Geol (Leelataviwat et al., 2002; Goel et al., 2009) is based on the assumption that the energy needed to push a structure monotonically up to a maximum target displacement is equal to the maximum earthquake input energy of an equivalent elastic system. In this procedure, the target drift and yield mechanism are predefined at the beginning of the design process (Fig. 1).