ABSTRACT
The magnitude of cancer-related deaths is a result of late diagnosis and the fact that cancer is challenging to treat, due to the highly heterogeneous nature of the tumor. All cancer cells do not have equal malignant or invasive potential and thus need to be uniquely treated [33]. In order to characterize and treat individual cells based on their malignant potential, it is important to have a measurement technique with enhanced spatial resolution and increased sensitivity, ideally at the single cell level. This requires the study of individual or small groups of cells that make up the entire tissue mass. Toward this end, research has been performed to investigate methods to enhance cancer cell detection and provide fundamental information about
32.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................559 32.1.1 Morphology and Impedance Characteristics of Cancer Cells ........................................ 560 32.1.2 Impedance Spectroscopy Theory .................................................................................... 560
32.1.2.1 Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing .....................................................561 32.1.3 Requirements and Challenges of Microelectrode Impedance Biosensors ...................... 562
32.2 Materials ...................................................................................................................................... 562 32.3 Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 563
32.3.1 High-Frequency Impedance Characterization of Ovarian Cancer Epithelial Cell .........................................................................................563 32.3.1.1 Cell Culture Procedure .................................................................................... 563 32.3.1.2 Equivalent Circuit Model ................................................................................. 563 32.3.1.3 Impedance Measurements on ECIS-8W1E ..................................................... 564
32.3.2 CellMap: Multielectrode Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements ............................... 564 32.3.2.1 Electrode Design and Fabrication .................................................................... 564 32.3.2.2 Impedance Measurements on Multielectrode Devices .................................... 565
32.4 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 566 32.4.1 High-Frequency Impedance Characterization of OvCa429 on
ECIS-8W1E Electrodes ................................................................................................... 566 32.4.2 CellMap: Multielectrode Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements ............................... 566
32.4.2.1 Monitoring the Adhesion and Proliferation of OvCa429 ................................ 567 32.4.2.2 Effect of Trypsin on Con•uent Cell Culture ................................................... 567 32.4.2.3 Parameterization of Impedance Data to Monitor the Effect of Trypsin ......... 567
32.5 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 569 32.6 Future Trends ............................................................................................................................... 570 References .............................................................................................................................................. 570
cancer cell characteristics, through the design and optimization of a whole-cell biosensor and development of an automated cell culture monitoring system. Application of the optimized system can advance drug discovery and ultimately lead to implementation of personalized healthcare, where an individual’s cells can be subjected to potential drugs to monitor response to therapy, thus leading to personalized medicine.
