ABSTRACT
In the last 10 years, wind power has increased its installed capacity dramatically from 5 GW in 1995 to the current 120 GW of installed capacity, 65 GW of which being installed in the United States, Germany, and Spain. This means that there are countries with a very high penetration of wind energy and others with very little or no wind energy. Even within the countries with a big share of wind, the situation can vary depending on the energy mix and the interconnection capacities. For example, Denmark, with a higher level of wind penetration, 20%, is also highly interconnected to its neighbors Norway, Sweden, and Germany, being able to export or import 100% of its
CONTENTS
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 247 9.2 Wind Power Deployment ......................................................................... 248 9.3 Impact of High Wind Energy Penetration on Power Systems ............ 249
9.4 Energy Storage Systems ............................................................................ 251 9.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 251 9.4.2 Energy Storage Technologies ....................................................... 252
9.4.3.1 Energy Management Strategies in Energy Storage Applications ..................................................................... 265
9.4.3.2 Hydrogen Production Centralized vs. Decentralized .....268 9.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 268 References ............................................................................................................. 269
peak production/load. Contrarily, Spain has only around 2.5% of interconnection capacity with the UCTE through France, needing to solve any problem due to wind on its own (in some cases, Spain and Portugal are considered together as a single system, both suf”ciently interconnected and both with a high wind penetration).
