ABSTRACT
Masculinity and femininity are relational categories, each fashioning the other. They are also variegated formations, affecting men and women from diverse social groups in very different ways. I track their shifting norms and habits from early to late modernity. I explore state interventions as well as the self-construction of men and women, as they sometimes collided but also collaborated with each other – Hindu, Muslim, Tribal, Dalit. I look at the different sites where new norms were forged and tested: education, schooling, reformism and orthodoxy, modern political movements
