ABSTRACT
Interparticle forces are the forces of attraction between atoms, ions, or molecules that hold bulk matter together. All particles of solid, liquid, or gas have kinetic energy of motion: kinetic energy (kE) of translation, kE of vibration, or kE of rotation. The average kE of motion is proportional to temperature. The interparticle force for ionic compounds is the ionic bond; the corresponding interparticle force for network covalent elements or compounds is the covalent bond. Molecular covalent compounds must be held together in bulk matter by intermolecular forces. The dipole force is the electromagnetic force of attraction between oppositely charged ends of permanent molecular dipoles. Hydrogen bonding is stronger than other dipole forces due to the small sizes and high relative charge concentrations of hydrogen and the row-2 elements (O, N, F). Hydrogen bonding can occur in a variety of ways between molecules of the same compound.
