ABSTRACT
The typical damage case in ice is a permanent dent of the plating or frames on the ice-strengthened region or just below or above the ice-strengthened region. Typically the dents below the ice-strengthened region are caused by the ice-breaking process when ships navigate in ballast conditions. Whereas the dents above the ice-strengthened region are caused e.g. by the bow wave which can increase the contact height between ship and ice.
