ABSTRACT
Lip seals are widely used for sealing rotary sha§s. ˜ey are now the most numerous rotary sha§ seal being easily found in everything from domestic equipment through automotive and other transport applications to heavy-duty industrial equipment. Although primarily designed and used for sealing lubricants, they are increasingly being speciŸed as a replacement for other seal types in, for instance, low pressure water applications such as domestic washing machines, automotive water pumps, and large civil equipment such as water turbines.
