ABSTRACT
The paradigm shift that occurred throughout American law enforcement agencies after the Columbine shootings caused a resurgence in tactical training for first responders. Many agencies had reserved tactical training for only those officers whose assignments required them to be well versed in working tactically as a team. After all, police doctrine before Columbine required that if an emergency tactical situation occurred, first responders would contain the incident and call for specialized units trained and equipped to deal with the event. Many agencies continued to train officers in officer safety issues like firearms and traffic stops, but most officers received limited to no tactical training as it related to working as a member of a team.
