ABSTRACT
BP is closely linked to function and dysfunction of the renal system. Healthy kidneys modulate BP through fluid volume regulation and pressure mechanisms; thus, renal dysfunction is closely linked to elevated BP. The exact association between kidney disease and hypertension, however, is complex, as hypertension can cause kidney damage and, conversely, kidney disease can directly and indirectly cause hypertension. Because hypertension affects a large percentage of the global population, CKD is a major health problem, with approximately 6% of patients with primary hypertension having CKD and at risk of progressing to ESRD. Further compounding the magnitude of the problem, elevated serum creatinine and CKD are associated with increased cardiovascular events and are independent risk factors for cardiovascular mortality.
