ABSTRACT
Citizenship The concept of citizenship, particularly French citizenship, has been overshadowed by one overwhelming but misconceived metaphor: that citizenship is akin to education.1 To put it another way, the political investment of the Third Republic, continuing into the modern age, in the teaching of citizenship through schools or through die Ligue de l’enseignement or any such pressure group, has paid historiographical dividends.2 This assimilation of citizenship to education, developed in all central texts on citizenship in nineteenth-century Europe and America, makes a number of comforting, if flawed, assumptions.
