ABSTRACT
Many histories of higher education attend to the research university, an institutional type with high visibility and considerable influence. Philology and theology were early disciplinary leaders in the development of scholarship and research, further splintering the unity of knowledge based on the Bible as scholars sought ways to verify the historical aspects of the Bible and developed different ways of knowing. The Johns Hopkins University instituted research opportunities through a number of activities, including the appointment of research-oriented professors, the development of academic journals, and laboratories. By the early 2000s there were 62 members, and they received more than half of the research grants and graduated more than half of the doctoral students. As professors and universities increasingly moved toward research, the process of establishing a research ethos became more a result of institutional decisions, as occurred at Stanford University’s Physics Department in the 1930s and 1940s.
