ABSTRACT
There are several theories of counseling that are important to the field and help guide how counselors work with their clients. This chapter has nine specific theories which are discussed in detail, highlighting terms and techniques that are used in the counseling profession. Psychoanalytic is the first theory discussed, focusing on the id, ego, and superego; defense mechanisms; and psychosexual stages. Adlerian theory is next, discussing inferiority, social interest, and the phases of the therapeutic relationship. Rogerian theory or client-centered therapy emphasizes self-actualization; congruence; and unconditional positive regard. Gestalt therapy with Fritz Perls looks at the “whole” person as greater than the total of their parts, whereas cognitive behavioral therapy relates that a therapist helps an individual look at how their thoughts and behaviors are connected. Behaviorism’s main focus is on actions and learning and how an individual can make associations or be rewarded or punished to impact behavior. Using stories and metaphors is a key focus of narrative theory. Positive psychology relates that individuals achieve fulfillment and positive growth by building on their strengths and potential. Solution-focused therapy relates that every individual has their own solutions and through therapy these solutions can be discovered.
