ABSTRACT
The swarm intelligence-based computing paradigm leads to a natural way of designing intelligent systems in which autonomy, emergence, and distributed functioning replaces control, programing, and centralization. It is pertinent to ask what benefits the change of paradigm brings. The adaptive culture model (ACM) was shown to be capable of navigating through complex search spaces and locating optima in several combinatorial optimization problems. A swarm philosophy-guided algorithm developed during 2007–2008 that has proved its usefulness and versatility in solving very different problems become known as the "firefly algorithm". A number of models have been developed to mimic the rather intelligent collective behavior of a swarm of honeybees and exploited to solve combinatorial as well as numerical optimization problems. J. Kennedy and R. C. Eberhart argued that the PSO algorithm almost suggests itself as a simple-minded extension of the cultural model of Axelrod.
