ABSTRACT
This chapter is an overview of prior studies on EMF pragmatics in multilingual contexts. EMF is formally and functionally flexible, fluid, hybrid, and complex owing to its inherent variability. With the aid of multilingual/multicultural resources and shared multicompetence, EMF speakers tend to be permissive and have relatively fewer communication breakdowns, although the let-it-pass principle might not apply to some contexts such as business negotiations or academic interactions. EMF speakers might speak English with non-standard pronunciation or grammar, reinterpret discourse markers strategically, use set expressions their own way, and modify pragmatic tactics according to the changing environment.
