ABSTRACT
Chapter 4 examines instruments and appraisal approaches used in the educational setting for individual student assessment/appraisal. A description of formal and informal assessments most widely used in the schools is provided. Life-saving assessment is highlighted, including indicators of child abuse/neglect, substance abuse, and self-harm. The development and implementation of needs assessments and how information from needs assessments and existing data sources is used to make programming and service delivery decisions is explored. Measurement concepts are defined. The Association for Assessment in Counseling and Education (AACE) Competencies in Assessment and Evaluation for School Counselors are listed.
