ABSTRACT
Eager to popularize psychology and gain mainstream appeal, Joseph Jastrow and Hugo Munsterberg of Harvard took advantage of the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago to exhibit psychological apparatus to fair attendees. G. Stanley Hall and E. L. Thorndike extended the fundamental work of James and Wundt, envisioning ways in which psychology would replace philosophy as a way to understand educational theory and practice. World War I presented the occasion for psychologists to apply intelligence tests as a tool to organize the human resources in aid of the war effort. Approximately 3 million men joined the United States Army to fight in World War I. The scope and success of the administration of the Army Alpha and Army Beta imbued those who worked in the province of intelligence test construction with an even greater sense of their use and of what subsequent results could mean for society at large, especially America's schools and school children.
