ABSTRACT
This chapter presents definitions of collective intelligence offered by some of the field's pioneers. It takes a deeper look into the conceptual frameworks around human intelligence and how these have been applied to groups in different contexts, noting especially the key factors that have been identified as reinforcing or hindering group performance. The chapter looks at the frontier of human and machine intelligence, a burgeoning area of interest for researchers and practitioners alike. The authors can see, therefore, how collective intelligence operates in three modes: In the context of democracy and governance, as in all forms of human collaboration, these three modes of collective intelligence work in combination. The past two decades have seen a remarkable series of advances in our understanding of how group intelligence is produced.
