ABSTRACT
Quantity of electricity coulomb C 1 C 1 A.s Electrical potential, potential difference, electromotive force volt V 1 V 1 W.A1 1 J.C1
Electrical capacitance farad F 1 F 1 A.s.V1 1 C.V1
Electrical resistance ohm 1 1 V.A1
Electrical conductance siemens S 1 S 1 1
Magnetic flux, flux of magnetic induction weber Wb 1 Wb 1 V.s Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction tesla T 1 T 1 Wb.m2
Inductance henry H 1 H 1 V.s.A1 1 Wb.A1
Luminous flux lumen lm 1 lm 1 cd.sr Illuminance lux lx 1 lx 1 lm.m2
Celsius temperature degree Celsius C 1C 1 K Activity becquerel Bq 1 Bq 1 s1
Specific energy imparted gray Gy 1 Gy 1 J.kg1
Dose equivalent sievert Sv 1 Sv 1 J.kg1
Table 6.4 SI prefixes
Multiplying Prefix Symbol factor
1024 yotta Y 1021 zetta Z 1018 exa E 1015 peta P 1012 tera T 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 102 hecto h 101 10 deca da 101 0.1 deci d 102 centi c 103 milli m 106 micro l 109 nano n 1012 pico p 1015 femto f 1018 atto a 1021 zepto z
Description Quantity Unit
Name Symbol Value
Decimal multiples of SI volume litre* 1 1 l 1 dm3
units mass tonne* t 1 t 1 Mg pressures and stress bar* bar 1 bar 105 Pa
Special field of application area of farmland and real are* a 1 a 100 m2
estate vergency of optical dioptre 1 1 m1
systems mass of precious metric carat 1 2 104 kg stones mass/unit length, tex tex 1 tex 106 kg.m1
textile yarns and threads
Defined from SI units but plane angle revolution r † 1 r 2p rad not decimal multiples
gon* gon 1 gon p/200 rad degree 1 p/180 rad minute of angle‡ 1 p/10 800 rad second of angle‡ 1 p/648 000 rad
time minute min 1 min 60 s hour h 1 h 3600 s day d 1 d 86 400 s
Defined independently of SI units mass atomic mass unit* u lu 1.660 565 5 1027 kg § energy electronvolt* eV leV 1.602 189 2 1019 J §
Table 6.6 Special EU authorised units
Quantity Use Unit
Name Symbol Value
Length a inch in 2.540 101 mm a foot ft 3.048 101 m a yard yd 9.144 101 m e fathom 1.829 m a mile 1.609 km
Area l square foot ft2* 9.290 102 m2
c acre 4.047 103 m2
l square yard yd2* 8.361 101 m2
Volume f fluid ounce fl oz 2.841 102 dm3
g gill 1.421 101 dm3
b, f pint pt 5.683 101 dm3
l quart qt* 1.137 dm3
l gallon gal* 4.456 dm3
Mass h ounce oz 2.835 101 g d troy ounce oz tr 3.110 101 g h pound lb 4.536 101 kg
Energy j therm * 1.055 101 GJ
Pressure k mm mercury mm hg 1.333 102 Pa
Physical quantity Previous unit Factor = SI unit SI symbol
SPACE AND TIME
Length micron 1 E micrometre lm thou’ (mil) 2.54 101 E micrometre lm inch 2.54 101 E millimetre mm foot 3.048 101 E metre m yard 9.144 101 E metre m mile 1.609 kilometre km
Area square inch 6.452 102 square millimetre mm2
6.452 square centimetre cm2
square foot 9.290 102 square metre m2
square yard 8.361 101 square metre m2
are 1 102 E square metre m2
acre 4.047 103 square metre m2
hectare 1 104 E square metre m2
square mile 2.590 square kilometre km2
Volume cubic inch 1.639 101 cubic centimetre cm3
US pint 4.732 101 cubic decimetre dm3
pint 5.683 101 cubic decimetre dm3
litre 1 E cubic decimetre dm3
US gallon 3.785 cubic decimetre dm3
gallon 4.546 cubic decimetre dm3
cubic foot 2.832 101 cubic decimetre dm3
2.832 102 cubic metre m3
US barrel (petroleum) 1.590 101 cubic metre m3
cubic yard 7.646 101 cubic metre m3
Second moment of area quartic inch 4.162 101 quartic centimetre cm4
quartic foot 8.631 103 quartic metre m4
Time minute 6 101 E second s hour 3.6 103 E second s day 8.64 104 E second s
Angle second 4.848 microradian lrad minute 2.909 101 milliradian mrad grade 1.571 102 radian rad gon 1.571 102 radian rad degree 1.745 102 radian rad right angle 1.571 radian rad revolution 6.283 radian rad
Velocity foot/minute 5.080 103 E metre/second m.s1
kilometre/hour 2.778 101 metre/second m.s1
foot/second 3.048 101 E metre/second m.s1
mile/hour 4.470 101 metre/second m.s1
knot 5.148 101 metre/second m.s1
Angular velocity revolution per minute 1.047 101 radian/second rad.s1
revolution per second 6.283 radian/second rad.s1
Acceleration foot/square second 3.048 101 E metre/square second m.s2
Frequency cycle/second 1 E hertz Hz
MASS AND DENSITY
Mass grain 6.480 101 milligram mg ounce 2.835 101 gram g pound 4.536 101 kilogram kg slug 1.459 101 kilogram kg hundredweight 5.080 101 kilogram kg ton (short) 9.072 101 megagram Mg tonne 1 E megagram Mg ton 1.016 megagram Mg
Mass per unit length pound/foot 1.488 kilogram/metre kg.m1
pound/inch 1.786 101 kilogram/metre kg.m1
Mass per unit area pound/square foot 4.882 kilogram/square metre kg.m2
Concentration grain/cubic foot 2.288 gram/cubic metre g.m3
Density pound/cubic foot 1.602 101 kilogram/cubic metre kg.m3
pound/gallon 9.978 101 kilogram/cubic metre kg.m3
pound/cubic inch 2.768 101 megagram/cubic metre Mg.m3
Specific volume cubic foot/pound 6.243 102 cubic metre/kilogram m3.kg1
Physical quantity Previous unit Factor = SI unit SI symbol
FLOW RATE Mass flow rate pound/hour 1.260 101 gram/second g.s1
kilogram/hour 2.778 101 gram/second g.s1
pound/minute 7.560 103 kilogram/second kg.s1
kilogram/minute 1.667 102 kilogram/second kg.s1
Volume flow rate cubic inch/minute 2.732 104 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
litre/hour 2.778 104 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
US gallon/hour 1.052 103 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
gallon/hour 1.263 103 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic foot/hour 7.886 103 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic inch/second 1.639 102 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
litre/minute 1.667 102 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
US gallon/minute 6.309 102 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
gallon/minute 7.577 102 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic metre/hour 2.778 101 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic foot/minute 4.719 101 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic metre/minute 1.667 101 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic foot/second 2.832 102 cubic metre/second m3.s1
MOMENTUM
Momentum pound foot/second 1.383 101 kilogram metre/second kg.m.s1
Moment of inertia pound square foot 4.214 102 kilogram square metre kg.m2
Moment of momentum pound square foot/second 4.214 102 kilogram square metre/second kg.m2.s1
FORCE AND TORQUE
Force dyne 1 101 E micronewton lN poundal 1.383 101 newton N pound force 4.448 newton N kilogram force 9.807 newton N kilopond 9.807 newton N
Torque pound force foot 1.356 newton metre N.m
PRESSURE AND STRESS
Pressure millimetre of water 9.807 pascal Pa pound force/square foot 4.788 101 pascal Pa millimetre of mercury 1.333 102 pascal Pa torr 1.333 102 pascal Pa inch of water 2.491 102 pascal Pa foot of water 2.989 kilopascal kPa inch of mercury 3.386 kilopascal kPa pound force/square inch 6.895 kilopascal kPa kilogram force/square centimetre 9.807 101 kilopascal kPa bar 1 102 E kilopascal kPa
1 101 E megapascal MPa standard atmosphere 1.013 102 kilopascal kPa
1.013 101 megapascal MPa
Pressure drop per unit length inch of water/hundred feet 8.176 pascal/metre Pa.m1
foot of water/hundred feet 9.810 101 pascal/metre Pa.m1
Stress pound force/square foot 4.788 101 pascal Pa pound force/square inch 6.895 kilopascal kPa ton force/square foot 1.073 102 kilopascal kPa ton force/square inch 1.544 101 megapascal MPa
VISCOSITY
Dynamic viscosity pound/hour foot 4.134 101 millipascal second mPa.s centipoise 1 103 E pascal second Pa.s poise 1 101 E pascal second Pa.s pound force second/square foot 4.788 101 pascal second Pa.s pound force hour/square foot 1.724 102 kilopascal second kPa.s
Kinematic viscosity stokes 1 E square centimetre/second cm2.s1
square metre/hour 2.778 square centimetre/second cm2.s1
square inch/second 6.452 square centimetre/second cm2.s1
square foot/minute 1.548 103 square metre/second m2.s1
Redwood No. 1 and No. 2 seconds No direct conversion SAE grades No direct conversion
Physical quantity Previous unit Factor = SI unit SI symbol
ENERGY
Energy, work, quantity of erg 1 101 E microjoule lJ heat foot pound force 1.356 joule J
calorie* 4.187 joule J metre kilogram force 9.807 joule J British thermal unit 1.055 kilojoule kJ frigorie† 4.186 kilojoule kJ kilocalorie* 4.187 kilojoule kJ horsepower hour 2.685 megajoule MJ kilowatt hour 3.6 E megajoule MJ thermie† 4.186 megajoule MJ therm 1.055 101 gigajoule GJ
POWER
Power, heat flow rate British thermal unit/hour 2.931 101 watt W kilocalorie/hour 1.163 E watt W foot pound force/second 1.356 watt W calorie/second 4.187 watt W metric horsepower (cheval vapeur) 7.355 101 kilowatt kW horsepower 7.457 101 kilowatt kW ton of refrigeration 3.517 kilowatt kW Lloyd’s ton of refrigeration 3.884 kilowatt kW
Intensity of heat flow rate kilocalorie/hour square metre 1.163 E watt/square metre W.m2
Btu/hour square foot 3.155 watt/square metre W.m2
watt/square foot 1.076 101 watt/square metre W.m2
Heat emission Btu/hour cubic foot 1.035 101 watt/cubic metre W.m3
Thermal conductivity Btu inch/hour square foot degree Fahrenheit 1.442 101 watt/metre kelvin W.m1.K1
kilocalorie/hour metre degree Celsius 1.163 E watt/metre kelvin W.m1.K1
Btu/hour foot degree Fahrenheit 1.731 watt/metre kelvin W.m1.K1
calorie/second centimetre degree Celsius 4.187 102 watt/metre kelvin W.m1.K1
Thermal conductance kilocalorie/hour square metre degree Celsius 1.163 E watt/square metre kelvin W.m2.K1
Btu/hour square foot degree Fahrenheit 5.678 watt/square metre kelvin W.m2.K1
calorie/second square centimetre degree Celsius 4.187 101 kilowatt/square metre
kelvin kW.m2.K1
Thermal resistivity centimetre second degree Celsius/calorie 2.388 103 metre kelvin/watt m.K.W1
foot hour degree Fahrenheit/Btu 5.778 101 metre kelvin/watt m.K.W1
metre hour degree Celsius/kilocalorie 8.598 101 metre kelvin/watt m.K.W1
square foot hour degree Fahrenheit/Btu inch 6.933 metre kelvin/watt m.K.W1
Thermal resistance square centimetre second degree square metre kelvin/watt m2.K.W1
Celsius/calorie 2.388 105
square foot hour degree Fahrenheit/Btu 1.761 101 square metre kelvin/watt m2.K.W1
square metre hour degree Celsius/kilocalorie 8.598 101 square metre kelvin/watt m2.K.W1
Thermal diffusivity square inch/hour 1.792 101 square millimetre/second mm2.s1
square foot/hour 2.581 105 square metre/second m2.s1
square metre/hour 2.778 104 square metre/second m2.s1
ENERGY CONTENT
Heat capacity Btu/degree Fahrenheit 1.899 kilojoule/kelvin kJ.K1
kilocalorie/degree Celsius 4.187 kilojoule/kelvin kJ.K1
Specific enthalpy Btu/pound 2.326 E kilojoule/kilogram kJ.kg1
kilocalorie/kilogram 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kJ.kg1
Specific heat capacity Btu/pound degree Fahrenheit 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kJ.kg1.K1
kilocalorie/kilogram degree Celsius 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kJ.kg1.K1
Entropy Btu/degree Rankine 1.899 kilojoule/kelvin kJ.K1
kilocalorie/kelvin 4.187 kilojoule/kelvin kJ.K1
Specific entropy Btu/pound degree Rankine 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kJ.kg1.K1
kilocalorie/kilogram kelvin 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kJ.kg1.K1
Physical quantity Previous unit Factor = SI unit SI symbol
Latent heat foot pound force/pound 2.989 joule/kilogram J.kg1
Btu/pound 2.326 E kilojoule/kilogram kJ.kg1
kilocalorie/kilogram 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kJ.kg1
Volumetric calorific value kilocalorie/cubic metre 4.187 kilojoule/cubic metre kJ.m3
Btu/cubic foot 3.726 101 kilojoule/cubic metre kJ.m3
Specific heat (volume basis) kilocalorie/cubic metre degree Celsius 4.187 kilojoule/cubic metre kelvin kJ.m3.K1
Btu/cubic foot degree Farenheit 6.707 101 kilojoule/cubic metre kelvin kJ.m3.K1
MOISTURE CONTENT
Vapour permeability grain inch/hour square foot inch of mercury (perminch) 1.45 nanogram metre/newton
second ng.m.N1.s1
1.45 nanogram/second pascal metre ng.s1.Pa1.m1
pound foot/hour pound force 8.620 milligram metre/newton second mg.m.N1.s1
8.620 milligram/second pascal metre mg.s1.Pa1.m1
Vapour permeance grain/square foot hour inch of mercury (perm) 5.72 101 nanogram/newton second ng.N1.s1
grain/ square foot hour millibar 1.940 microgram/newton second lg.N1.s1
pound square inch/square foot hour pound force 1.965 101 milligram/newton second mg.N1.s1
pound/hour pound force 2.834 101 milligram/newton second mg.N1.s1
Moisture content grain/pound 1.428 101 gram/kilogram g.kg1
pound/pound 1 E kilogram/kilogram kg.kg1
Moisture flow rate pound/square foot hour 1.357 gram/square metre second g.m2.s1
grain/square foot hour 1.94 101 milligram/square metre second mg.m2.s1
Mass transfer coefficient foot/hour 8.47 102 millimetre/second mm.s1
LIGHT
Luminous intensity candle 9.810 101 candela cd
Illumination foot candle 1.076 101 lux lx lumen/square foot 1.076 101 lux lx
Luminance foot lambert 3.426 candela/square metre cd.m2
candela/square inch 1.550 103 candela/square metre cd.m2
ELECTRICTY AND MAGNETISM
Conductance mho 1 E siemens S
Magnetic field strength oersted 7.958 101 ampere/metre A.m1
Magnetic flux maxwell 1 102 E microweber lWb
Magnetic flux density gauss 1 101 E millitesla mT
RADIOACTIVITY
Activity of a radioactive source curie 3.7 101 nanosecond1 ns1
Absorbed dose rad 1 102 E joule/kilogram J.kg1
Equivalent absorbed dose rem 1 102 E joule/kilogram J.kg1
Exposure to ionisation roentgen 2.58 101 milllicoulomb/kilogram mC.kg1
Physical quantity Previous unit Factor = SI unit SI symbol
Absorbed dose rad 1 102 E joule/kilogram J.kg1
Acceleration foot/square second 3.048 101 E metre/square second m.s2
Angle second 4.848 microradian lrad minute 2.909 101 milliradian mrad grade 1.571 102 radian rad gon 1.571 102 radian rad degree 1.745 102 radian rad right angle 1.571 radian rad revolution 6.283 radian rad
Angular velocity revolution per minute 1.047 101 radian/second rad.s1
revolution per second 6.283 radian/second rad.s1
Area square inch 6.452 102 square millimetre mm2
6.452 square centimetre cm2
square foot 9.290 102 square metre m2
square yard 8.361 101 square metre m2
are 1 102 E square metre m2
acre 4.047 103 square metre m2
hectare 1 104 E square metre m2
square mile 2.590 square kilometre km2
Concentration grain/cubic foot 2.288 gram/cubic metre g.m3
Conductance, electrical mho 1 E siemens S
Conductance, thermal kilocalorie/hour square metre degree Celsius 1.163 E watt/square metre kelvin W.m2.K1
Btu/hour square foot degree Fahrenheit 5.678 watt/square metre kelvin W.m2.K1
calorie/second square centimetre degree Celsius 4.187 101 kilowatt/square metre kelvin kW.m2.K1
Conductivity, thermal Btu inch/hour square foot degree Fahrenheit 1.442 101 watt/metre kelvin W.m1.K1
kilocalorie/hour metre degree Celsius 1.163 E watt/metre kelvin W.m1.K1
Btu/hour foot degree Fahrenheit 1.731 watt/metre kelvin W.m1.K1
calorie/second centimetre degree Celsius 4.187 102 watt/metre kelvin W.m1.K1
Density pound/cubic foot 1.602 101 kilogram/cubic metre kg.m3
pound/gallon 9.978 101 kilogram/cubic metre kg.m3
pound/cubic inch 2.768 101 megagram/cubic metre Mg.m3
Diffusivity, thermal square inch/hour 1.792 101 square millimetre/second mm2.s1
square foot/hour 2.581 101 square centimetre/second cm2.s1
square metre/hour 2.778 square centimetre/second cm2.s1
Energy, work, quantity of heat erg 1 101 E microjoule lJ
foot pound force 1.356 joule J calorie* 4.187 joule J metre kilogram force 9.807 joule J British thermal unit 1.055 kilojoule kJ frigorie† 4.186 kilojoule kJ kilocalorie* 4.187 kilojoule kJ horsepower hour 2.685 megajoule MJ kilowatt hour 3.6 E megajoule MJ thermie† 4.186 megajoule MJ therm 1.055 101 gigajoule GJ
Enthalpy, specific Btu/pound 2.326 E kilojoule/kilogram kJ.kg1
kilocalorie/kilogram 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kJ.kg1
Entropy Btu/degree Rankine 1.899 kilojoule/kelvin kJ.K1
kilocalorie/kelvin 4.187 kilojoule/kelvin kJ.K1
Entropy, specific Btu/pound degree Rankine 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kJ.kg1.K1
kilocalorie/kilogram kelvin 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kJ.kg1.K1
Equivalent absorbed dose rem 1 102 E joule/kilogram J.kg1
Exposure to ionisation roentgen 2.58 101 millicoulomb/kilogram mC.kg1
Flow rate, mass pound/hour 1.260 101 gram/second g.s1
kilogram.hour 2.778 101 gram/second g.s1
pound/minute 7.560 103 kilogram/second kg.s1
kilogram/minute 1.667 102 kilogram/second kg.s1
Physical quantity Previous unit Factor = SI unit SI symbol
Flow rate, volume cubic inch/minute 2.3732 104 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
litre/hour 2.778 104 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
US gallon/hour 1.052 103 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
gallon/hour 1.263 103 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic foot/hour 7.866 103 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic inch/second 1.639 102 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
litre/minute 1.667 102 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
US gallon/minute 6.309 102 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
gallon/minute 7.577 102 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic metre/hour 2.778 101 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic foot/minute 4.719 101 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic metre/minute 1.667 101 cubic decimetre/second dm3.s1
cubic foot/second 2.832 102 cubic metre/second m3.s1
Force dyne 1 101 E micronewton lN poundal 1.383 101 newton N pound force 4.448 newton N kilogram force 9.807 newton N kilopond 9.807 newton N
Frequency cycle/second 1 E hertz Hz
Heat capacity Btu/degree Fahrenheit 1.899 kilojoule/kelvin kJ.K1
kilocalorie/degree Celsius 4.187 kilojoule/kelvin kJ.K1
Heat capacity, specific Btu/pound degree Fahrenheit 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kJ.kg1.K1
kilocalorie/kilogram degree Celsius 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kJ.kg1.K1
Heat emission Btu/hour cubic foot 1.035 101 watt/cubic metre W.m3
Illumination foot candle 1.076 101 lux lx lumen/square foot 1.076 101 lux lx
Intensity of heat flow rate kilocalorie/hour square metre 1.163 E watt/square metre W.m2
Btu/hour square foot 3.155 watt/square metre W.m2
watt/square foot 1.076 101 watt/square metre W.m2
Latent heat foot pound force/pound 2.989 joule/kilogram J.kg1
Btu/pound 2.326 E kilojoule/kilogram kJ.kg1
kilocalorie/kilogram 4.187 kilojoule/kilogram kJ.kg1
Length micron 1 E micrometre lm thou’ (mil) 2.54 101 E micrometre lm inch 2.54 101 E millimetre mm foot 3.048 101 E metre m yard 9.144 101 E metre m mile 1.609 kilometre km
Luminance foot lambert 3.426 candela/square metre cd.m2
candela/square inch 1.550 103 candela/square metre cd.m2
Luminous intensity candle 9.810 101 candela cd
Magnetic field strength oersted 7.958 101 ampere/metre A.m1
Magnetic flux maxwell 1 102 E microweber lWb
Magnetic flux density gauss 1 101 E millitesla mT
Mass grain 6.480 101 milligram mg ounce 2.835 101 gram g pound 4.536 101 kilogram kg slug 1.459 101 kilogram kg hundredweight 5.080 101 kilogram kg ton (short) 9.072 101 megagram Mg tonne 1 E megagram Mg ton 1.016 megagram Mg
Mass per unit area pound/square foot 4.882 kilogram/square metre kg.m2
Mass per unit length pound/foot 1.488 kilogram/metre kg.m1
pound/inch 1.786 101 kilogram/metre kg.m1
Mass transfer coefficient foot/hour 8.47 102 millimetre/second mm.s1
Moisture content grain/pound 1.428 101 gram/kilogram g.kg1
pound/pound 1 E kilogram/kilogram kg.kg1
Moisture flow rate pound/square foot hour 1.357 gram/square metre second g.m2.s1
grain/square foot hour 1.94 101 milligram/square metre second mg.m2.s1
Moment of inertia pound square foot 4.214 102 kilogram square metre kg.m2
Physical quantity Previous unit Factor = SI unit SI symbol
Moment of momentum pound square foot/second 4.214 102 kilogram square metre/ second kg.m2.s1
Momentum pound foot/second 1.383 101 kilogram metre/second kg.m.s1
Permeability, vapour grain inch/hour square foot inch of mercury (perminch) 1.45 nanogram metre/newton
second ng.m.N1.s1
1.45 nanogram/second pascal metre ng.s1.Pa1.m1
pound foot/hour pound force 8.620 milligram metre/newton second mg.m.N1.s1
8.620 milligram/second pascal metre mg.s1.Pa1.m1
Permeance, vapour grain/square foot hour inch of mercury (perm) 5.72 101 nanogram/newton second ng.N1.s1
grain/square foot hour millibar 1.940 microgram/newton second lg.N1.s1
pound square inch/square foot hour pound force 1.965 101 milligram/newton second mg.N1.s1
pound/hour pound force 2.834 101 milligram/newton second mg.N1.s1
Power, heat flow rate British thermal unit/hour 2.931 101 watt W kilocalorie/hour 1.163 E watt W foot pound force/second 1.356 watt W calorie/second 4.187 watt W metric horsepower (cheval vapeur) 7.355 101 kilowatt kW horsepower 7.457 101 kilowatt kW ton of refrigeration 3.517 kilowatt kW Lloyd’s ton of refrigeration 3.884 kilowatt kW
Pressure millimetre of water 9.807 pascal Pa pound force/square foot 4.788 101 pascal Pa millimetre of mercury 1.333 102 pascal Pa torr 1.333 102 pascal Pa inch of water 2.491 102 pascal Pa foot of water 2.989 kilopascal kPa inch of mercury 3.386 kilopascal kPa pound force/square inch 6.895 kilopascal kPa kilogram force/square centimetre 9.807 101 kilopascal kPa bar 1 102 E kilopascal kPa
1 101 E megapascal MPa standard atmosphere 1.013 102 kilopascal kPa
1.013 101 megapascal MPa
Pressure drop per unit inch of water/hundred feet 8.176 pascal/metre Pa.m1
length foot of water/hundred feet 9.810 101 pascal/metre Pa.m1
Radioactivity curie 3.7 101 nanosecond1 ns1
Resistance, thermal square centimetre second degree Celsius/calorie 2.388 101 square decimetre kelvin/
watt dm2.K.W1
square foot hour degree Fahrenheit/Btu 1.761 101 square metre kelvin/watt m2.K.W1
square metre hour degree Celsius/ kilocalorie 8.598 101 square metre kelvin/watt m2.K.W1
Resistivity, thermal centimetre second degree Celsius/calorie 2.388 103 metre kelvin/watt m.K.W1
foot hour degree Fahrenheit/Btu 5.778 101 metre kelvin/watt m.K.W1
metre hour degree Celsius/kilocalorie 8.598 101 metre kelvin/watt m.K.W1
square foot hour degree Fahrenheit/Btu inch 6.933 metre kelvin/watt m.K.W1
Second moment of area quartic inch 4.162 105 quartic decimetre dm4
quartic foot 8.631 103 quartic metre m4
Specific heat (volume basis) kilocalorie/cubic metre degree Celsius 4.187 kilojoule/cubic metre kelvin kJ.m3.K1
Btu/cubic foot degree Fahrenheit 6.707 101 kilojoule/cubic metre kelvin kJ.m3.K1
Specific volume cubic foot/pound 6.243 102 cubic metre/kilogram m3.kg1
Stress pound force/square foot 4.788 101 pascal Pa pound force/square inch 6.895 kilopascal kPa ton force/square foot 1.073 102 kilopascal kPa ton force/square inch 1.544 101 megapascal MPa
Time minute 6 101 E second s hour 3.6 103 E second s day 8.64 104 E second s
Bibliography 1 BS350 Conversion factors and tables: Part 1: 1974 (1983) Basis
of tables. Conversion factors; Part 2: Supplement No. 1: 1967 (1982) Additional tables for SI conversion (London: British Standards Institution) (dates as shown)
2 BS5775 Specifications for quantities, units and symbols: Part 0: 1993 General principles; Part 1: 1993 Space and time; Part 2: 1993 Periodic and related phenomena; Part 3: 1993 Mechanics; Part 4: 1993 Heat; Part 5: 1993 Electricity and magnetism; Part 6: 1993 Light and related electromagnetic radiations; Part 7: 1993 Acoustics; Part 8: 1993 Physical chemistry and molecular physics; Part 9: 1993 Atomic and nuclear physics; Part 10: 1993 Nuclear reactions and ionizing radiations; Part 11: 1993 Mathematical signs and symbols for use in physical sciences and technology; Part 12: 1993 Characteristic numbers; Part 13: 1993 Solid state physics (London: British Standards Institution) (1993) (equivalent to ISO 31-0 to ISO 31-13)
3 BS6430: 1983 (1988) Method for representing SI and other units in information processing systems with limited character
sets (London: British Standards Institution) (1988) (equivalent to ISO 2955)
4 BS6430: 1983 (1988) Method for representing SI and other units in information processing systems with limited character sets (equivalent to ISO 2955)
5 BS5555: 1993 Specification for SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units (equivalent to ISO 1000: 1992)
6 Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the aproximation for the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC (Brussels: Commission for the European Communities) (1979)
7 Official Journal 15.02.80 p. 40
8 Official Journal 03.01.85 p. 11
9 Official Journal 07.12.89 p. 28
Physical quantity Previous unit Factor = SI unit SI symbol
Torque pound force foot 1.356 newton metre N.m
Velocity foot/minute 5.080 103 E metre/second m.s1
kilometre/hour 2.778 101 metre/second m.s1
foot/second 3.048 101 E metre/second m.s1
mile/hour 4.470 101 metre/second m.s1
knot 5.148 101 metre/second m.s1
Viscosity, dynamic pound/hour foot 4.134 101 millipascal second mPa.s centipoise 1 103 E pascal second Pa.s poise 1 101 E pascal second Pa.s pound force second/square foot 4.788 101 pascal second Pa.s pound force hour/square foot 1.724 102 kilopascal second kPa.s
Viscosity, kinematic stokes 1 102 E square decimetre/second dm2.s1
square metre/hour 2.778 102 square decimetre/second dm2.s1
square inch/second 6.452 square decimetre/second dm2.s1
square foot/minute 1.548 103 square metre/second m2.s1
Redwood No. 1 and No. 2 seconds No direct conversion SAE grades No direct conversion
Volume cubic inch 1.639 102 cubic decimetre dm3
US pint 4.732 101 cubic decimetre dm3
pint 5.683 101 cubic decimetre dm3
litre 1 E cubic decimetre dm3
US gallon 3.785 cubic decimetre dm3
gallon 4.546 cubic decimetre dm3
cubic foot 2.832 101 cubic decimetre dm3
2.832 102 cubic metre m3
US barrel (petroleum) 1.590 101 cubic metre m3
cubic yard 7.646 101 cubic metre m3
Volumetric calorific value kilocalorie/cubic metre 4.187 kilojoule/cubic metre kJ.m3
Btu/cubic foot 3.726 101 kilojoule/cubic metre kJ.m3
F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
40 40.0 40.6 41.1 41.7 42.2 42.8 43.3 43.9 44.4 45.0 30 34.4 35.0 35.6 36.1 36.7 37.2 37.8 38.3 38.9 39.4 20 28.9 29.4 30.0 30.6 31.1 31.7 32.2 32.8 33.3 33.9 10 23.3 23.9 24.4 25.0 25.6 26.1 26.7 27.2 27.8 28.3
0 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.4 20.0 20.6 21.1 21.7 22.2 22.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 17.8 17.2 16.7 16.1 15.6 15.0 14.4 13.9 13.3 12.8 10 12.2 11.7 11.1 10.6 10.0 9.4 8.9 8.3 7.8 7.2 20 6.7 6.1 5.6 5.0 4.4 3.9 3.3 2.8 2.2 1.7 30 1.1 0.6 0 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.9 40 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.8 8.3 8.9 9.4 50 10.0 10.6 11.1 11.7 12.2 12.8 13.3 13.9 14.4 15.0 60 15.6 16.1 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.4 20.0 20.6 70 21.1 21.7 22.2 22.8 23.3 23.9 24.4 25.0 25.6 26.1 80 26.7 27.2 27.8 28.3 28.9 29.4 30.0 30.6 31.1 31.7 90 32.2 32.8 33.3 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.6 36.1 36.7 37.2
100 37.8 38.3 38.9 39.4 40.0 40.6 41.1 41.7 42.2 42.8 110 43.3 43.9 44.4 45.0 45.6 46.1 46.7 47.2 47.8 48.3 120 48.9 49.4 50.0 50.6 51.1 51.7 52.2 52.8 53.3 53.9 130 54.4 55.0 55.6 56.1 56.7 57.2 57.8 58.3 58.9 59.4 140 60.0 60.6 61.1 61.7 62.2 62.8 63.3 63.9 64.4 65.0 150 65.6 66.1 66.7 67.2 67.8 68.3 68.9 69.4 70.0 70.6 160 71.1 71.7 72.2 72.8 73.3 73.9 74.4 75.0 75.6 76.1 170 76.7 77.2 77.8 78.3 78.9 79.4 80.0 80.6 81.1 81.7 180 82.2 82.8 83.3 83.9 84.4 85.0 85.6 86.1 86.7 87.2 190 87.8 88.3 88.9 89.4 90.0 90.6 91.1 91.7 92.2 92.8 200 93.3 93.9 94.4 95.0 95.6 96.1 96.7 97.2 97.8 98.3 210 98.9 99.4 100.0 100.6 101.1 101.7 102.2 102.8 103.3 103.9 220 104.4 105.0 105.6 106.1 106.7 107.2 107.8 108.3 108.9 109.4 230 110.0 110.6 111.1 111.7 112.2 112.8 113.3 113.9 114.4 115.0 240 115.6 116.1 116.7 117.2 117.8 118.3 118.9 119.4 120.0 120.6 250 121.1 121.7 122.2 122.8 123.3 123.9 124.4 125.0 125.6 126.1 260 126.7 127.2 127.8 128.3 128.9 129.4 130.0 130.6 131.1 131.7 270 132.2 132.8 133.3 133.9 134.4 135.0 135.6 136.1 136.7 137.2 280 137.8 138.3 138.9 139.4 140.0 140.6 141.1 141.7 142.2 142.8 290 143.3 143.9 144.4 145.0 145.6 146.1 146.7 147.2 147.8 148.3 300 148.9 149.4 150.0 150.6 151.1 151.7 152.2 152.8 153.3 153.9 310 154.4 155.0 155.6 156.1 156.7 157.2 157.8 158.3 158.9 159.4 320 160.0 160.6 161.1 161.7 162.2 162.8 163.3 163.9 164.4 165.0 330 165.6 166.1 166.7 167.2 167.8 168.3 168.9 169.4 170.0 170.6 340 171.1 171.7 172.2 172.8 173.3 173.9 174.4 175.0 175.6 176.1 350 176.7 177.2 177.8 178.3 178.9 179.4 180.0 180.6 181.1 181.7 360 182.2 182.8 183.3 183.9 184.4 185.0 185.6 186.1 186.7 187.2 370 187.8 188.3 188.9 189.4 190.0 190.6 191.1 191.7 192.2 192.8 380 193.3 193.9 194.4 195.0 195.6 196.1 196.7 197.2 197.8 198.3 390 198.9 199.4 200.0 200.6 201.1 201.7 202.2 202.8 203.3 203.9 400 204.4 205.0 205.6 206.1 206.7 207.2 207.8 208.3 208.9 209.4 410 210.0 210.6 211.1 211.7 212.2 212.8 213.3 213.9 214.4 215.0 420 215.6 216.1 216.7 217.2 217.8 218.3 218.9 219.4 220.0 220.6 430 221.1 221.7 222.2 222.8 223.3 223.9 224.4 225.0 225.6 226.1 440 226.7 227.2 227.8 228.3 228.9 229.4 230.0 230.6 231.1 231.7 450 232.2 232.8 233.3 233.9 234.4 235.0 235.6 236.1 236.7 237.2 460 237.8 238.3 238.9 239.4 240.0 240.6 241.1 241.7 242.2 242.8 470 243.3 243.9 244.4 245.0 245.6 246.1 246.7 247.2 247.8 248.3 480 248.9 249.4 250.0 250.6 251.1 251.7 252.2 252.8 253.3 253.9 490 254.4 255.0 255.6 256.1 256.7 257.2 257.8 258.3 258.9 259.4 500 260.0 260.6 261.1 261.7 262.2 262.8 263.3 263.9 264.4 265.0 510 265.6 266.1 266.7 267.2 267.8 268.3 268.9 269.4 270.0 270.6 520 271.1 271.7 272.2 272.8 273.3 273.9 274.4 275.0 275.6 276.1 530 276.7 277.2 277.8 278.3 278.9 279.4 280.0 280.6 281.1 281.7 540 282.2 282.8 283.3 283.9 284.4 285.0 285.6 286.1 286.7 287.2 550 287.8 288.3 288.9 289.4 290.0 290.6 291.1 291.7 292.2 292.8 560 293.3 293.9 294.4 295.0 295.6 296.1 296.7 297.2 297.8 298.3 570 298.9 299.4 300.0 300.6 301.1 301.7 302.2 302.8 303.3 303.9 580 304.4 305.0 305.6 306.1 306.7 307.2 307.8 308.3 308.9 309.4 590 310.0 310.6 311.1 311.7 312.2 312.8 313.3 313.9 314.4 315.0
Quantity Unit Quantity Unit
BOILERS FUELS Heat output kW Calorific value: Heat input kW Solid MJ.kg1
Steam generation rate kg.s1 gaseous MJ.m3
Fuel firing rate: liquid MJ.kg1
solid kg.s1
gaseous dm3.s1* HEAT EXCHANGERS liquid kg.s1 Heat output kW
Volume flow rate (combustion products) m3.s1 Mass flow rate kg.s1
Power to input (to drives) kW Hydraulic resistance Pa Operating pressure kPa (bar) Operating pressure kPa (bar) Hydraulic resistance Pa Flow velocity m.s1
Draft conditions Pa Heat exchange surface m2
COIL, COOLING AND HEATING INDUCTION TERMINALS Heat, exchange rate kW Heating or cooling output kW Primary medium: Primary air volume flow rate m3.s1
mass flow rate kg.s1 Primary air static pressure loss Pa hydraulic resistance Pa Secondary water mass flow rate kg.s1
Air volume flow rate m3.s1 Secondary water hydraulic resistance Pa Air flow static pressure loss Pa
PUMPS CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTS Mass flow rate kg.s1
Flow rate: Volume flow rate dm3.s1* mass kg.s1 Power input (to drive) kW volume m3.s1 Developed pressure Pa
Operating pressure kPa (bar) Operating pressure kPa (bar) Hydraulic resistance Pa Rotational frequency rev.s1
Rotational frequency rev.s1
SPACE HEATING APPARATUS COOLING TOWERS Heat output kW
Heat extraction rate kW Air flow volume flow rate m3.s1
Volume flow rate: Power input (to drive) kW air m3.s1 Primary medium mass flow rate kg.s1
water dm3.s1* Hydraulic resistance Pa Power input (to drive) kW Operating pressure kPa (bar)
Air flow static pressure loss Pa DIFFUSERS AND GRILLES
Air volume flow rate m3.s1 VESSELS Air flow pressure loss Pa Operating pressure kPa (bar) Specific velocity m.s1 Volumetric capacity dm3* or m3
FANS WASHERS (AIR) Air volume flow rate m3.s1 Volume flow rate: Power input (to drive) kW air m3.s1
Fan static pressure Pa water dm3.s1* Fan total pressure Pa Mass flow rate, water kg.s1
Rotational frequency rev.s1 Power input (to drive) kW Outlet velocity m.s1 Air flow static pressure loss Pa
Hydraulic resistance Pa FILTERS
Air volume flow rate m3.s1 WATER CHILLERS Liquid volume flow rate dm3.s1* Cooling capacity kW Static pressure loss Pa Mass flow rate, water kg.s1
Power input (to drive) kW Refigerant pressure kPa (bar) Hydraulic resistance Pa
BG SWG Thickness/mm
52 — 0.024 — 50 0.025 50 — 0.030 48 — 0.039 — 48 0.041
46 — 0.049 44 46 0.061 42 — 0.078 — 44 0.081 40 — 0.098
— 42 0.102 38 40 0.122 — 38 0.152 36 — 0.155 — 36 0.193
34 — 0.196 — 34 0.234 32 — 0.249 — 32 0.274 30 — 0.312
— 30 0.315 — 28 0.376 28 — 0.397 — 26 0.457 26 — 0.498
— 24 0.559 24 — 0.629 — 22 0.711 22 — 0.794 — 20 0.914
20 — 0.996 — 18 1.219 18 — 1.257 16 — 1.588 — 16 1.626
14 — 1.994 — 14 2.032 12 — 2.517 — 12 2.642 10 — 3.175
— 10 3.251 8 — 3.988
— 8 4.064 — 6 4.877 6 — 5.032
— 4 5.893 4 — 6.350
— 2 7.010 2 — 7.993
— 0 8.230
— 2/0 8.839 — 3/0 9.449 0 — 10.07
— 4/0 10.16 — 5/0 10.97
2/0 — 11.31 — 6/0 11.79 3/0 7/0 12.70 4/0 — 13.76 5/0 — 14.94
Nominal Pitch/mm
diameter/mm Coarse Fine
1.0 0.25 0.20 1.2 0.25 0.20 1.6 0.35 0.20 2.0 0.40 0.25 2.5 0.45 0.35 3.0 0.50 0.35 4.0 0.70 0.50 5.0 0.80 0.50 6.0 1.0 0.75 8.0 1.25 0.75
10 1.5 0.75; 1.0; 1.25 12 1.75 1.0; 1.25; 1.5 16 2.0 1.0; 1.5 20 2.5 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 24 3.0 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 30 3.5 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 3.0 36 4.0 1.5; 2.0; 3.0 42 4.5 1.5; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0 48 5.0 1.5; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0 56 5.5 1.5; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0 64 6.0 1.5; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0
Table 6.13 Standard values and reference values
Physical quantity Number Unit
Avogadro’s number 6.022 17 1023 mol1
e 2.718 28 * Gas constants:
Universal 8.314 J.mol1.K1
Dry air 287 J.kg1.K1
Steam 461 J.kg1.K1
Gravitational acceleration 9.806 65 m.s2
Gravitational constant 66.7 pN.m2.kg2
p 3.141 59 * Planck’s constant 6.626 1034 J.s Permeability of free space 1.257 lH.m1
Permittivity of free space 8.854 pF.m1
Sound reference intensity 1 pW.m2
Sound reference power 1 pW Sound reference pressure 20 lPa Speed of light in vacuo 299.792 Mm.s1
Speed of sound: In dry air at 20C 343.6 m.s1
In water at 20C 1 497 m.s1
In copper 4 760 m.s1
In mild steel 5 960 m.s1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant 56.696 nW.m2.K4
CIBSE reference conditions for air:
Density 1.200 kg.m3
Pressure 101.325 kPa Relative humidity 43 % Specific heat capacity 1.02 kJ.kg1.K1
Temperature (dry bulb) 20 C
Name Symbol Definition
qvl vl Momentum transport Reynolds number Re Re g m
Dp Euler number Eu Eu
qv2
v Froude number Fr Fr
lg
l3gDh Grashof number Gr Gr
m2
qv2l Weber number We We
r
v Mach number Ma Ma
c
k* Knudsen number Kn Kn
l
lf Strouhal number Sr Sr
v
k t at Transport of heat Fourier number Fo Fo
cpql 2 l 2
qcpvl vlPéclet number Pe Pe Re.Pr k e
l3q2cpgDh l 3gDh
Rayleigh number Ra Ra Gr.Pr gk ma
hl Nusselt number Nu Nu
k
h Stanton number St St Nu/Pe
qvcp
Dt Transport of matter in Fourier number Fo* Fo* Fo/Le binary mixture for mass transfer l
vl Péclet number Pe* Pe* Pe.Le for mass transfer D
l3gbDx Grashof number Gr* Gr* for mass transfer m
kl Nusselt number Nu* Nu* for mass transfer qD
k Nu* Stanton number St* St* for mass transfer qv Pe*
gcp mConstants of matter Prandtl number Pr Pr k a
g m Schmidt number Sc Sc
qD D
k a Sc Lewis number Le Le
qcpD D Pr
Symbol Name of quantity
l characteristic length v characteristic velocity Dh characteristic temperature difference Dp pressure difference h temperature q density (mass density) g viscosity (dynamic viscosity) m kinematic viscosity : g/q r surface tension g acceleration due to gravity
1 q cubic expansion coefficient: ( )q h p k* mean free path f characteristic frequency c velocity of sound h coefficient of heat transfer:
heat/(time cross-sectional area temperature difference) t characteristic time interval Dx characteristic difference of mole fraction
1 q b b ( )q x ,p D diffusion coefficient k mass transfer coefficient:
mass /(time cross-sectional area mole fraction difference) cp specific heat capacity at constant pressure k thermal conductivity a thermal diffusivity: k /qcq
Table 6.16 The Beaufort scale
Beaufort Description of wind Observations Limit of wind speed number /m.s1
0 Calm Smoke rises vertically Less than 0.5 1 Light air Direction of wind shown by smoke drift but not by wind vanes 0.5 to 1.5 2 Light breeze Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; ordinary vane moved by wind 1.5 to 3.0 3 Gentle breeze Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; wind extends light flag 3 to 6 4 Moderate breeze Raises dust and loose paper; small branches are moved 6 to 8 5 Fresh breeze Small trees in leaf begin to sway 8 to 11 6 Strong breeze Large branches in motion; umbrellas used with difficulty 11 to 14 7 Moderate gale Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt when walking into wind 14 to 17 8 Fresh gale Twigs broken off trees; generally impedes progress 17 to 21 9 Strong gale Slight structural damage occurs (slates and chimney pots removed from roofs) 21 to 24
10 Whole gale Seldom experienced inland; trees uprooted; considerable structural damage occurs 24 to 28 11 Storm Very rarely experienced; accompanied by widespread damage 28 to 32 12 Hurricane (Yacht crews take up golf) 32 to 36
Table 6.17 Velocity pressure of wind
Velocity/m.s1 Pressure/Pa Velocity/m.s1 Pressure/Pa
0.5 1.56 101 10 6.25 10 1 6.25 101 11 7.55 10 2 2.5 15 1.39 102
3 5.6 20 2.5 102
4 10 25 3.9 102
5 1.56 10 30 5.63 102
6 2.25 10 35 7.61 102
7 3.05 10 40 1.0 103
8 4.0 10 45 1.27 103
9 5.05 10 50 1.56 103
Diameter/m Area/m2 Circumference/m Diameter/m Area/m2 Circumference/m
0.025(25 mm) 0.000 491(491 mm2) 0.078 5 (78.5 mm) 1.725 2.338 5.419 0.050 0.001 963 0.157 0 1.750 2.406 5.498 0.075 0.004 419 0.235 5 1.775 2.475 5.576 0.100 0.007 854 0.314 2 1.800 2.545 5.652
0.125 0.012 27 0.392 5 1.825 2.616 5.733 0.150 0.017 68 0.471 0 1.850 2.688 5.812 0.175 0.024 06 0.549 5 1.875 2.761 5.891 0.200 0.031 43 0.628 5 1.900 2.836 5.969
0.225 0.039 75 0.707 0 1.925 2.912 6.048 0.250 0.049 10 0.785 5 1.950 2.987 6.126 0.275 0.059 41 0.864 0 1.975 3.064 6.205 0.300 0.070 71 0.942 0 2.000 3.143 6.285
0.325 0.082 96 1.020 2.025 3.219 6.362 0.350 0.096 23 1.099 2.050 3.301 6.440 0.375 0.110 4 1.177 2.075 3.382 6.519 0.400 0.125 7 1.256 2.100 3.465 6.597
0.425 0.141 9 1.334 2.125 3.544 6.676 0.450 0.159 2 1.413 2.150 3.632 6.754 0.475 0.177 2 1.491 2.175 3.715 6.833 0.500 0.196 3 1.570 2.200 3.803 6.911
0.525 0.216 5 1.648 2.225 3.886 6.990 0.550 0.237 5 1.727 2.250 3.975 7.070 0.575 0.259 8 1.805 2.275 4.065 7.147 0.600 0.282 8 1.884 2.300 4.157 7.226
0.625 0.307 0 1.962 2.325 4.246 7.304 0.650 0.332 0 2.041 2.350 4.338 7.383 0.675 0.357 9 2.119 2.375 4.430 7.461 0.700 0.385 0 2.198 2.400 4.526 7.540
0.725 0.413 0 2.276 2.425 4.619 7.618 0.750 0.441 9 2.355 2.450 4.714 7.697 0.775 0.472 0 2.433 2.475 4.811 7.775 0.800 0.502 9 2.512 2.500 4.910 7.855
0.825 0.534 7 2.590 2.525 5.006 7.932 0.850 0.567 6 2.669 2.550 5.109 8.011 0.875 0.601 3 2.747 2.575 5.208 8.090 0.900 0.636 3 2.826 2.600 5.310 8.168
0.925 0.672 2 2.904 2.625 5.412 8.247 0.950 0.708 8 2.983 2.650 5.517 8.325 0.975 0.746 6 3.063 2.675 5.620 8.404 1.000 0.785 4 3.140 2.700 5.727 8.482
1.025 0.825 4 3.218 2.725 5.830 8.561 1.050 0.866 0 3.297 2.750 5.941 8.640 1.075 0.908 0 3.375 2.775 6.048 8.718 1.100 0.950 3 3.454 2.800 6.159 8.796
1.125 0.994 2 3.532 2.825 6.268 8.875 1.150 1.040 3.611 2.850 6.381 8.953 1.175 1.085 3.689 2.875 6.492 9.032 1.200 1.131 3.768 2.900 6.605 9.111
1.225 1.180 3.848 2.925 6.719 9.189 1.250 1.227 3.925 2.950 6.835 9.268 1.275 1.277 4.003 2.975 6.951 9.346 1.300 1.327 4.082 3.000 7.071 9.425
1.325 1.379 4.163 3.025 7.186 9.503 1.350 1.432 4.239 3.050 7.307 9.582 1.375 1.486 4.320 3.075 7.426 9.660 1.400 1.540 4.396 3.100 7.550 9.739
1.425 1.595 4.477 3.125 7.670 9.816 1.450 1.651 4.553 3.150 7.793 9.896 1.475 1.710 4.634 3.175 7.917 9.975 1.500 1.768 4.710 3.200 8.044 10.05
1.525 1.828 4.791 3.225 8.168 10.13 1.550 1.888 4.867 3.250 8.296 10.20 1.575 1.949 4.948 3.275 8.424 10.29 1.600 2.011 5.027 3.300 8.553 10.37
1.625 2.074 5.105 3.325 8.683 10.44 1.650 2.139 5.184 3.350 8.816 10.52 1.675 2.205 5.262 3.375 8.946 10.60 1.700 2.271 5.341 3.400 9.080 10.68
Shape Plan area Centre of gravity Radius of gyration A G k (I Ak2)
Triangle ah h about G. x plane up h22 3 k2
2a1 a2 about G. y plane
across (a 1 2 a1a2 a2
2) 3 k2
Square about base
a2 k2
3a2 at centre about G
a2 k2
Rectangle about base
b2 k2
3ab at centre about G. x plane
b2 k2
Hollow square tube
about G.
