ABSTRACT
Bridges cannot last forever. Whatever form of construction is used and
whatever materials are adopted, sooner or later the effects of degradation
begin to appear. There are many contributory factors that affect the nature
and degree of degradation such as the structural form, construction mate-
rials, quality of construction, design and detailing, atmospheric environ-
ment, scour, fire, fatigue, earthquakes, floods, weather, and nature and
intensity of the imposed traffic loading.