ABSTRACT
The dynamic interaction between the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and its litigants generated a transformational case law, the effects of which have been far-reaching. The consequences attributed to ECJ rulings have been widespread, creating and shaping both policy and constitutional issues, although academics have extensively debated the means through which this occurred. This chapter explores these outcomes in the context of the deeply political questions of how and with the aid and despite the opposition of which actors did this happen?1
