ABSTRACT
Chicanas/os and Latinos/as have long challenged dominant forms of schooling and education since the beginning of European colonization some 500 years ago. Prominent educational anthropologist Enrique Trueba (1999) writes that one could say:
the first critical ethnography was constructed in 1542 by an oppressed Indian, Francisco Tenamaztle, who had led the revolt against the Spaniards in the states of Jalisco, Michoacán, and Colima in central México. He was captured and exiled to Spain, where, assisted by Fray Cristóbal de las Casas, he defended the human rights of all the Indians.
