ABSTRACT
Electronic circuits consist of numerous elements that can be lumped, distributed, or a combination of both. The components are regarded as
lumped
if their size is much smaller than the signal wavelength. This condition holds for resistors, inductors, capacitors, transformers, diodes, transistors, or similar devices operating in printed circuits at frequencies up to a few hundred megahertz or even higher in small integrated circuits. In the microwave or millimeter-wave region, the elements and their connecting transmission lines must be considered as
distributed.
