ABSTRACT
In this chapter we first introduce the principles of irreversible or nonequilibrium thermodynamics as opposed to those of equilibrium thermodynamics. Then we identify important thermodynamic forces X (the cause) and their associated flow rates J (the effect). We show how these factors are responsible for the entropy production rate and the work lost in processes. This gives an excellent insight into the origin of the incurred losses. We give attention to the relation between flows and forces and the possibility of coupling of processes and its implications.
