ABSTRACT
There are two further areas where policy approaches can contribute to improved environmental management practices. The first is that of increasing conditionality of private, bilateral and multilateral credit, which frequently requires both prior environmental impact assessment and the use of best-practice environmental control technologies in new mineral projects. A growing number of donor agencies, in Germany, Canada, Finland and Japan, for example, are also concerned with training in environmental management. The second is in the attempts by some governments, particularly Canada, to promote R&D activities (jointly and within industry and academic institutions) to determine toxicity from mining pollution and clean-up solutions. For example, Canada has extensive government-funded R&D programmes to promote the abatement of acid mine drainage and of SO2 emissions. There is considerable scope for expanding these approaches, as is argued in the next section.
