ABSTRACT
Introduction After World War I, 80% of the spinal cord injury (SCI) patients died from urological complications,1 mostly from urinary infection, which was untreatable at that time in the absence of antibiotics, and from secondary upper urinary tract damage. Urodynamics being unknown, the accepted approach was the ‘balanced bladder’ method, i.e. if voiding took place with no or minimal residual urine, the patient’s condition was considered satisfactory. With no information on intravesical pressures during storage and voiding, there was no way to prevent upper urinary tract damage resulting from lower tract dysfunction.2
