ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION Complex applications of laparoscopy in urology entered a new era with the report of the first laparoscopic nephrectomy by Clayman and associates in 1991 [1]. In the ensuing decade laparoscopic operations involving the kidney and other retroperitoneal and pelvic structures have become commonplace. Many of these operations may replace their open counter parts as the ‘‘gold standard’’ approach to their respective organ of interest. The pioneering work of many surgeons has helped to define the benefits of laparoscopy with respect to overall morbidity and patient outcomes. As with the introduction and development of open surgical operations, the observation and reporting of complications unique to these procedures have assisted other surgeons through avoidance and recognition.
