ABSTRACT
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the user with carbonaceous-type
refractories and provide basic characteristics and application information so that
intelligent decisions can be made when incorporating these types into a lining
design (1). Carbonaceous refractories behave differently than the typical ceramic
refractories, primarily because carbonaceous types are conductive rather than
insulating. All carbonaceous lining systems perform as a “conductive cooling
system” as opposed to a classic definition of a refractory lining that is typically
an “insulating system.” Consequently, proper cooling must always be utilized
with any carbonaceous lining system to assist in maintaining refractory tempera-
tures that are below the critical chemical attack temperature for mechanisms such
as oxidation, alkali, CO degradation, or dissolution of the carbon by molten metal.
