ABSTRACT
Land disputes among the Middle Horde Kazakhs of Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk oblasts were a regular, if not a common, occurrence in the second half of the nineteenth century. While the underlying reason for land disputes remained the same as they had for centuries - competition over claims to land that would ensure adequate seasonal pasturage and water access for herds of livestock - their increased occurrence came within the context of changes in Kazakh land use patterns caused by the imposition of territorial-administrative units onto nomadic space and by Slavic peasant settlement on pasture lands and next to water sources in the region. It is in this context of changes to the Kazakh nomadic way of life, which were examined in Chapters Two and Three, that new types of land disputes arose, and new ways to resolve these disputes emerged with them.
