post-1971 Pakistan, deep-seated political the growth of centrifugal political forces in India South Korea hand, the pattern of resource flows appears to be both in the early Kong, 1996]. There [Ravenhill, 1997]. The

The South-East Asian countries provide interesting intermediate cases. Unlike South Korea and Taiwan with their fairly exceptional social structures formed under the Japanese colonial impact [Kohli, 1994], the South East Asian countries were closer to the South Asian pattern. Although less powerful and entrenched than in the Indian sub-continent, emergent middle classes in these countries possessed a greater ability to organise political opposition and thereby demand political payoffs compared to their North Asian counterparts. The political and institutional responses in these South East Asian countries show a wide range of variation in terms of the patterns of political side-payments organised to maintain political viability. Malaysia and Thailand provide two interesting contrasts to the South Asian case. In both these countries political payoffs and corruption were very important but did not prevent rapid accumulation and growth.