ABSTRACT
In many countries where corruption is the exception, not the rule, reformers have several advantages. Anti-corruption laws, agencies and organisations are in place and enjoy broad-based support, as do independent courts, auditors and news media. Citizens and organisations are willing to confront the problem directly [Alam, 1995] and elected officials cannot ignore them without the risk of losing office. New episodes of corruption may feature novel tactics of venality but they are generally limited in scope. Government is broadly
legitimate; civil liberties, systems of accountability, property and contract rights, and the rule of law are credible. Ineffective policies and the marked deterioration of governmental functions can be addressed without a crisis, for it is possible to change the government without bringing down the regime [Przeworski andLimongi, 1993].
