ABSTRACT
The S\vedish constitution is founded on a fairly straightforward chain of delegation and accountability: citizens to parliamenl - the Riksdag - through the government to the mini stries and state agencies. When Sweden joined the European Union (EU), this chain was blurred by the complicated pattern of links to EU institutions and organs thal came into being. As a consequence, membership has reopenell a classic constitutional tjueslion. Put in terms of principal-agent theory, the problem is how do we make sure that appointed politicians and bureaucrats do, in fact, act as representatives of the citizens?
