ABSTRACT
When thou hast done, thou hast not done, for I have more. -John Donne
WICKED PROBLEMS
CRAM's world can be measured objectively within a consistent, finite structure. This works well in engineering, where most things can be converted to mathematical equations. It does not do so well with open social systems, which are populated by "wicked" problems. A problem is wicked when it has some or all of the following characteristics (Rittell and Webber, (973):
• No definitive formulation of the problem or potential solutions is possible. It is impossible to encompass all the ever-changing elements of a live social situation with a simple mechanical cause-and-effect formula. Solutions are not neatly true or false. The judgments of diverse parties "are likely to differ widely to accord with their group or personal interests, their special value-sets, and their ideological predilections."
