ABSTRACT
In the second decade of the twentieth century, dramatic events and great changes occurred in international politics. The Revolution of 1911 began in China, culminating in the overthrow of the Ch'ing government under the four-character slogan 'Drive out the Tartars, revive the Chinese nation'. By 'Tartars', they meant the occupying Manchus of the Ch'ing Dynasty, and other barbarians from outside the Great Wall in the North. 'Chinese nation' referred specifically to Han China, the historical core of Chinese civilisation, as distinct from other, 'foreign', dynasties such as the Mongol and Manchu ones. Japan's policy in Siberia has naturally been seen as a failure, partly because the consequence was that 'Japan was left on her own in the Russian Far East', and suffered 2,000 death casualties. The Japanese, who resented American discriminations against their emigrants, fought tenaciously for the inclusion of a statement favoring racial equality in the Covenant of the League of Nations.
