ABSTRACT
It was suggested in Chapter 1 that the sense of an expression can be seen as a way of
classifying things. (I deliberately leave the word ‘things’ as vague as possible, because to
call them anything else would suggest that they have already been classified!). Thus the
word ‘book’, used of the thing you now have in front of you, refers to it as a book, i.e. an
instantiation of a particular bundle of properties which are shared by other books, but not
by cats, or chocolates.
