ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: MAJOR COMPLEMENTATION PATTERNS AND VALENCY 83
Module 9: Intransitive and copular patterns 85
9.1 Subject – Predicator 85 9.2 Subject – Predicator – Locative Complement 86
9.2.1 Pragmatic inference of circumstantial meanings 86
9.3 Subject – Predicator – Adjunct 87 9.4 Subject – Predicator – Complement of the Subject 88
9.4.1 Verbs of being and becoming 88 9.4.2 Other linking verbs 88
Module 10: Transitive patterns 90
10.1 Subject – Predicator – Direct Object 90 10.2 Verbs used transitively and intransitively 91 10.3 Subject – Predicator – Prepositional Object 91 10.4 Subject – Predicator – Indirect Object – Direct Object 92
10.4.1 Verbs of transfer and intended transfer 92 10.4.2 Less prototypical three-place verbs 94
10.5 Subject – Predicator – Direct Object – Prepositional Object 95 10.6 Frame, perspective and attention 96 10.7 Subject – Predicator – Direct Object – Object Complement 97
10.7.1 Current and Resulting Attributes 97
10.8 Subject – Predicator – Direct Object – Locative Complement 99
Module 11: Complementation by finite clauses 100
11.1 Meanings and patterns of that-clause complements 102
11.1.1 Verb + that-clause 102
11.1.3 Verb + NG + that-clause 104
11.2 Say and tell 105 11.3 Meanings and patterns of wh-clause complements 105
11.3.1 Indirect interrogatives 105 11.3.2 Nominal relatives 106 11.3.3 Non-finite variants 106 11.3.4 Indirect exclamatives 107
Module 12: Complementation by non-finite clauses 108
12.1 Catenative complements 108 12.2 Meanings expressed by to-infinitive clauses 109
12.2.1 Type 1: V + to-infinitive 109 12.2.2 Type 2: V + NG + to-infinitive clause with subject 110 12.2.3 Type 3: V + NG + to-infinitive 110
12.3 Meanings expressed by bare infinitive clauses 111
12.3.1 Type 4: V + NG + bare infinitive 111
12.4 Meanings expressed by -ing clauses 112
12.4.1 Type 5: V + -ing clause 112 12.4.2 Type 6: V + NG + -ing clause 112 12.4.3 Potential and factual meanings contrasted: to-infinitive and -ing clauses 113
12.5 Past participial clauses 113
12.5.1 Type 7: V + NG + -en clause 113
Summary of major verb complementation patterns 114
Further reading 116 Exercises 116
MAJOR COMPLEMENTATION PATTERNS AND VALENCY
Complementation of the verb refers to the syntactic patterns made up by configurations of the clause elements that we examined individually in the previous chapter. Each pattern contains a Subject and a Predicator. The number and type of other elements in each pattern is determined by the verb, as we saw in Chapter 2. Complementation of the verb is a very rich and complex area of English grammar.
