ABSTRACT
Module 13: Conceptualising experiences expressed as situation types 122
13.1 Processes, participants, circumstances 122
13.1.1 The process 123 13.1.2 The participant roles (semantic functions) involved
in the situation 124 13.1.3 The circumstantial roles associated with the process 124
13.2 Types of process 125 13.3 Inherent participants and actualised participants 125
Module 14: Material processes of doing and happening 128
14.1 Agent and Affected in voluntary processes of ‘doing’ 128 14.2 Force 130 14.3 Affected subject of involuntary processes of ‘happening’ 130
Module 15: Causative processes 132
15.1 Causative material processes and ergative pairs 132 15.2 Analytical causatives with a resulting Attribute 134 15.3 Pseudo-intransitives 135
Module 16: Processes of transfer 137
16.1 Recipient and Beneficiary in processes of transfer 137 16.2 Summary of material process types 138
Module 17: Conceptualising what we think, perceive and feel 139
17.1 Mental processes 139 17.2 Cognitive processes: knowing, thinking and believing 141
17.4 Affective and desiderative processes: liking and wanting 142
17.4.1 Affective processes: loving and hating 142 17.4.2 Desiderative processes: wanting and wishing 143
Module 18: Relational processes of being and becoming 144
18.1 Types of being 144 18.2 The Attributive pattern 145 18.3 Circumstantial relational processes 146 18.4 Possessive relational processes 146 18.5 The Identifying pattern 148
Module 19: Processes of saying, behaving and existing 151
19.1 Verbal processes 151 19.2 Behavioural processes 152 19.3 Existential processes 153
Module 20: Expressing attendant circumstances 155
20.1 Place, time and other circumstances 155 20.2 Range 158
Module 21: Conceptualising experiences from a different angle: Nominalisation and grammatical metaphor 160
21.1 Basic realisations and metaphorical realisations 160 21.2 Nominalisation as a feature of grammatical metaphor 162
21.2.1 Process realised as entity 163 21.2.2 Attribute realised as entity 164 21.2.3 Circumstance as entity 164 21.2.4 Dependent situation as entity 164
21.3 High and low transitivity 165 21.4 Summary of processes, participants and circumstances 166
Further reading 167 Exercises 167
13.1 PROCESSES, PARTICIPANTS, CIRCUMSTANCES
In this chapter we look at the clause as a grammatical means of encoding patterns of experience. A fundamental property of language is that it enables us to conceptualise and describe our experience, whether of the actions and events, people and things of
SUMMARY
1 Semantically, a clause represents a pattern of experience, conceptualised as a situation type.
