ABSTRACT
All cryopreservation methods expose mammalian tissues and cells to an environment that they would not normally experience and have no intrinsic genetically coded capacity to survive. The art of the work is to establish a situation where the injuries are minimal and defensive-regenerative capacities are supported. The most important known mechanisms of damage that occur during cooling to low subzero temperatures (without any external intervention to increase chances of survival) include chilling injury, ice crystal formation, and fracture damage.
