ABSTRACT
In the clinical and scientific literature, ‘treatment-resistant schizophrenia’
almost universally means not responsive to typical antipsychotics*. However,
the meaning of ‘not responsive’ varies widely, ranging from ‘having no meas-
urable impact on the illness’ to ‘suboptimal medication response’. People are
usually deemed to have treatment-resistant schizophrenia if they are unre-
sponsive to non-clozapine antipsychotics, even if they are responsive to cloza-
pine or drugs not usually used to treat schizophreniform psychosis (e.g.
