ABSTRACT

Answer:(c)Contractionofthetrigonalmusculature anchors the ureter and prevents the lateral displacement of the ureteric orifice. All other statements are true.

2. The“ flap-valve ” mechanism of the UVJ is reinforced by the following except :

(a) An adequatelengthoftheintramural ureter and submucosal tunnel

(b) Sturdy back wall support of the detrusor muscle

(c) Well-integrated ureter-trigonemuscle complex

(d) Paraureteral diverticulum

Answer: (d) Paraureteral diverticulum lacks an adequate detrusor muscle support and causes the intramural ureter to displace extravesically during bladder filling. Consequently, there is a shortening of the intramural ureter and a loss of flap-valve mechanism.