ABSTRACT
Step 1 in the diagnostic procedure of ED patients is the history, laboratory findings, physical examination, and basic ultrasound. For the management of VOD it is necessary to investigate (step 2) using non-invasive or less invasive procedures to evaluate the cavernosal competence or properties [intracavernosal injection (ICI), Doppler or color duplex ultrasound, and corpus cavernosum electromyography (CC-EMG)]. In step 3, it is important to evaluate penile structure and cavernosal venous circulation [cavernosography and cavernosometry, also magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]. The data from these three steps should provide adequate information to determine the proper treatment.
