ABSTRACT
Urban governance achieved desired socio-economic development outcomes to meet the changing aspirations of its people by addressing policy choices and decisions regarding the allocation and management of a nation's environment and resources in response to the opportunities and constraints in its national context. After independence in 1965, Lee set out to differentiate Singapore from other Third World countries by turning it into a tropical garden city. In 1990, the Keep Singapore Clean Campaign was merged with the Garden City Campaign to form the Clean and Green Week. The ambition of City in a Garden also brought greening efforts to a new level through initiatives such as the Streetscape Greenery Master Plan, Parks and Waterbodies Plan, skyrise greenery, park connectors and the iconic Gardens by the Bay to re-invent Singapore as a tropical garden in twenty-first-century city-living. The Garden City Fund was started in 2003 to 'encourage the community to express their personal stake in sustaining the Garden City'.
