ABSTRACT
Over the past decades, immigrants have grown increasingly visible in European cities. Cities are places where difference concentrates and expresses itself (Castells and Borja 1997) and where the ‘intersection of migrant cultures … has produced a plethora of differentiated, hybrid, and heterogeneous cultural geographies’ (Bridge and Watson 2000). Immigrant entrepreneurship alongside the commodification of cultural diversity has in some places transformed ethnic neighbourhoods into objects of the ‘tourist gaze’ (Urry 1990)—places of leisure and consumption where visitors can discover difference domesticated and adapted for Western use (Shaw et al. 2004; Binnie et al. 2006). This process, already well-known in some North American cities, is now occurring in Europe (Rath 2005; Hall and Rath 2007).
