ABSTRACT
The twentieth century has seen a relentless growth of professionalism. New specialisms establish their territory. build a mystique around their expertise and fence it around with restrictive practices. The building industry is no exception. In building design, architecture is the oldest profession-its Institute was founded in 1834. Despite the establishment of the new profession, during the nineteenth century most buildings were designed by their builders. Relatively few were the work of architects, being mainly prestige buildings in urban centres or commissions for the rich. Generally these architects took a synoptic view designing exterior and interior, structure and services, site planning and landscape and cooperating with building craftsmen in the details of construction. Sometimes specialists were employed to design gardens or-in the case of William Morris-interiors. But these were not separate professions and such organizations as the craft Guilds sought an integrated approach to design. The efforts of philanthropists and reformers to redress the problems of the cities gave architects new opportunities to work on projects with a social purpose, among them the model towns. The new expertise in the planning of settlements began the fragmentation of the professions. In 1909 W.H. Lever-founder of Port Sunlightendowed the first Town Planning School at Liverpool University with Patrick Abercrombie and Stanley Adshead as its full-time tutors. In 1914 a new professional body was formed: the Town Planning Institute.1
