ABSTRACT
The principle of causality has an important role in the prediction of changes in dynamic systems. According to the principle, a strong relationship exists between the cause and the effect; the cause always precedes the effect. In Newtonian dynamics, the relation between cause and effect is strongly linear. Causality assumes a statistical nature in quantum dynamics and gas laws Section 1.5.2 and Section 1.5.3. Causality also has a statistical nature in the brain, as described by Başar (1980) with several analogies to resonant systems in nature. With brain responsiveness, the precedent state of a recording site, i.e., the state of the electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations in a given area that precede exogenous or endogenous stimulation is an important causal factor.
